COSMETIC INGREDIENTS LIBRARY A Functional Guide to Raya Labs. Skin Care Ingredients FOR EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY About This Library This library is an educational reference that explains what common cosmetic ingredients do in skin care. The ingredients were drawn from the formulas in the Raya Professional Skin Care Product Manual and enriched with detail from Raya's ingredient dictionary, then grouped by their primary function in a formula. Each entry gives the ingredient's INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) name, a common or source name, and a plain-language description of its role. Descriptions are written in cosmetic-claim language — see the FDA Cosmetic Compliance Note that follows, which explains how the wording was kept within cosmetic boundaries. The alphabetical Ingredient Index links every ingredient name to its entry in the library. How to read an entry INCI Name — the standardized name on the label. Also Known As / Source — the everyday or botanical origin. Function in Skin Care — what it does in a product. Disclaimer: This document is for education and internal training only. Ingredient functions are described in general terms and are not medical, therapeutic, or drug claims, directions for use, formulation guidance, a regulatory determination, or a Certificate of Analysis. The compliance notes are general information, not legal or regulatory advice. Always confirm claims and INCI declarations against current FDA regulations and the finished-product label and specification before use. FDA Cosmetic Compliance Note How the descriptions in this library were worded Under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), it is a product's intended use — expressed through its claims — that decides whether it is a cosmetic or a drug: • A cosmetic is intended to cleanse, beautify, promote attractiveness, or alter the appearance (FD&C Act §201(i)). • A drug is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body (§201(g)). A product that makes drug claims is regulated as a drug — often an unapproved new drug — no matter how it is marketed. To keep this library within cosmetic boundaries, the descriptions: • describe effects on the appearance and feel of the skin's surface — not on living cells, tissue, or physiological processes. • avoid disease and condition terms and treatment verbs. • avoid structure/function claims (building collagen, boosting cell turnover, regulating oil production, penetrating to the dermis, and the like). • frame antioxidants as helping defend the look of skin against environmental stressors — not “protecting cells.” • frame preservative action as protecting the product — not treating the skin. • omit internal or systemic uses of botanicals that appear in some ingredient dictionaries — these are not topical cosmetic functions. Contents Index Ingredients grouped by function About This Library2 FDA Cosmetic Compliance Note3 Ingredient Index (A–Z)5 1. Solvents & Vehicles8 2. Humectants & Moisture-Binding Agents8 3. Emollients — Oils, Butters, Esters & Silicones9 4. Emulsifiers & Emulsion Stabilizers9 5. Cleansing Surfactants10 6. Fatty Alcohols, Thickeners & Rheology Modifiers10 7. Chemical Exfoliants — AHAs, BHA & Fruit Acids11 8. Enzymatic Exfoliants11 9. Physical Exfoliants & Absorbent Clays12 10. Vitamins & Antioxidants12 11. Skin-Soothing & Conditioning Botanicals13 12. Brightening & Tone-Evening Agents13 13. Peptides & Biotechnology Actives14 14. Marine & Specialty Actives14 15. Botanical Extracts14 16. Essential Oils & Aromatics15 17. Mineral & Specialty Actives15 18. pH Adjusters & Chelating Agents16 19. Preservatives & Antimicrobials16 20. Colorants17 21. Fragrance Allergen Note17 Ingredient Index (A–Z) Every ingredient name, alphabetically. Click a name or page number to jump to its entry in the library. A Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer 11 Activated Charcoal Powder 12 Alcohol Denat. 8 Algae 14 Allantoin 8, 13 Almond Meal 12 Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice 13 Alpha-Arbutin 13 Ammonium Hydroxide 16 Annatto (CI 75120) 17 Aqua (DI Water / Water) 8 Argania Spinosa (Argan) Kernel Oil 9 Ascorbic Acid 12 Ascorbyl Palmitate 12 B Babassu Oils 9 Behenyl Alcohol 10 Bentonite 10 Benzyl Alcohol 16 Beta-Carotene 12 Bisabolol 13 Bromelain 11 Butylene Glycol 8 C Calendula Officinalis Extract 13 Camphor 15 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride 9 Caprylyl Glycol 16 Caramel 17 Carbomer 11 Carmine 17 Carrot Root Extract 12 Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil 9 Cellulose Gum 10 Cera Alba (Beeswax) 9 Ceresin 11 Cetearyl Alcohol 10 Cetyl Alcohol 10 Chamomilla Recutita (Chamomile) Extract 13 Chlorophyllin-Copper Complex 13 Chlorophyllin-Copper Complex (CI 75810) 17 Chlorphenesin 16 Citric 11 Citric Acid 16 Cocamide MEA 10 Cocamide MIPA 10 Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine 10 Coconut Acid 10 Collagen (Marine) 14 Corn Cob Meal 12 Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Extract 15 Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Extract 15 D Diatomaceous Earth 12 Dimethicone 9 Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate 10 Disodium Lauroamphodiacetate 10 E Emulsifying Wax NF 9 Ethylhexyl Palmitate 9 Ethylhexylglycerin 16 Eucalyptus Globulus Oil 15 F Ferment Filtrates (Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Lactococcus) 14 G Geranium 15 Glucosamine HCl 14 Glycerin 8 Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate 9 Glyceryl Stearate SE 9 Glycolic Acid 11 Glycolipids 13 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 14 Green Clay 12 Green Tea 13 Guaiazulene 13, 17 Guar Gum 10 H Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Extract 15 Honey 8 Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract 15 Hyaluronic Acid 8 Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil 12 Hydrolyzed Elastin 14 Hydrolyzed Yeast 14 Hydroxyethylcellulose 11 I Iron Oxides (CI 77491 / 77492 / 77499 / 77288) 17 Isononyl Isononanoate 9 Isopropyl Alcohol 8 Isopropyl Myristate 9 J Jojoba 9 Jojoba Beads 12 K Kaolin 12 Kelp Extract 14 Kojic Acid 13 L Lactic Acid 11 Laminaria Digitata 14 Lavandula (Lavender) Extract 15 Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil 15 Licorice (Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate) Extract 13 M Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 10 Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate 12 Malic 11 Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter 9 Marula 9 Matcha, Grape Seed, Coffee, Turmeric, Pomegranate Extracts 13 Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract 15 Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil 15 Menthol 15 Methylparaben 16 Microsponges 16 Multi-Fruit Acid Complex (Sugarcane / Bilberry / Orange / Lemon / Sugar Maple / Green Tea) 11 N Niacinamide 12, 13 NMF Blend (Fructose / Glucose / Sucrose / Urea / Dextrin / Alanine / Aspartic Acid, etc.) 8 O Oat Protein, Adenosine Triphosphate 14 Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil 9 P Palmitic Acid + Sodium/Potassium Hydroxide 10 Palmitoyl Oligopeptide 14 Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 14 Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 14 Panax Ginseng Root Extract 14 Panthenol 8, 12 Papain 11 Paraffin 11 Paraffinum Liquidum (Mineral Oil) 9 Patchouli 15 PEG-30 Castor Oil 10 PEG-40 10 Perlite 12 Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil 9 Petrolatum 9 Phenoxyethanol 16 Phenyl Trimethicone 9 Phospholipids 13 Polysorbate 20 10 Polysorbate 80 10 Potassium Alum 16 Potassium Sorbate 16 Propanediol 8 Propylene 8 Propylparaben 16 Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil 9 Pumpkin 11 R Refined Aluminum Oxide 12 Retinyl Palmitate 12 Rosa Damascena (Rose) Extract 15 Rose Oils 15 Rosmarinus (Rosemary) 15 S Salicylic Acid 11 Salvia (Sage) Extract 15 Sandalwood 15 Saponaria (Soapwort) Extract 10 Sea Buckthorn 9 Sea Salt (Maris Sal) 16 Silica 12 Silica Microbeads 16 Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate 10 Sodium Chloride 16 Sodium Hyaluronate 8, 14 Sodium Hydroxide 16 Sodium PCA 8 Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate 10 Sorbic Acid 16 Sorbitan Oleate 10 Sorbitan Sesquioleate 10 Sorbitol 8 Sphingolipids 13 Squalane (Olive) 9 Stearic Acid 10 Stearyl Alcohol 10 Sulfur 16 Symphytum Officinale (Comfrey) Extract 13 T Tartaric Acid 11 Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate 12 Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate 16 Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891) 17 Tocopherol 12 Tocopheryl Acetate 12 Triethyl Citrate 16 Trifolium Pratense (Red Clover) Extract 15 U Urea 8 V Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid & derivatives) 13 Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil 9 X Xanthan Gum 10 Y Yeast Ferment Filtrates 11 Ylang Ylang 15 Z Zeolite 12 Zinc Oxide 15 Zinc Sulfate 16 1. Solvents & Vehicles The base medium of a formula. They dissolve other ingredients, distribute them evenly, and give a product its spreadability and feel. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Aqua (DI Water / Water) Purified / deionized waterPrimary solvent and usually the largest component of creams, lotions, toners and gels; carries water-soluble ingredients and forms the phase in which emulsions are built. Alcohol Denat. / Isopropyl Alcohol Denatured / rubbing alcoholFast-evaporating solvent used in toners and astringents; leaves a quick-dry finish and helps remove excess surface oil for a fresher feel. Propanediol Plant-derived glycolMultifunctional solvent and humectant; dissolves actives, improves texture and helps the preservative system work efficiently. Propylene / Butylene Glycol GlycolsAmong the most common moisture-carrying vehicles in skin care; clear, colorless humectants that soften the surface and improve product slip and spread. 2. Humectants & Moisture-Binding Agents Water-loving ingredients that attract and hold moisture at the skin's surface, helping it look hydrated, plump and supple. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Glycerin Glycerol (vegetable)Classic humectant; draws water into the surface layers, softens the skin and helps maintain a well-moisturized look and feel. Suitable for all skin types. Sodium Hyaluronate / Hyaluronic Acid Salt / form of hyaluronic acidBinds and holds a large amount of water at the surface; delivers intense hydration, gives a smooth, dewy feel and helps soften the look of fine lines caused by dryness. Sodium PCA Component of skin's Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF)Occurs naturally in skin and is highly water-binding; an excellent humectant that helps the surface stay soft, flexible and hydrated-looking. Urea NMF componentHumectant that also helps soften the look of dry, flaky surface build-up, leaving skin smoother and more comfortable. Allantoin From comfrey / syntheticSoothing, conditioning agent that helps calm the look of the skin and leaves it feeling soft and smooth. NMF Blend (Fructose / Glucose / Sucrose / Urea / Dextrin / Alanine / Aspartic Acid, etc.) Natural Moisturizing Factor complexA blend that mirrors the skin's own moisture-retaining substances to replenish surface hydration and improve the look of suppleness. Panthenol Provitamin B5Humectant that hydrates and conditions; helps skin feel soft, smooth and comfortable. Sorbitol From berries / plant sugarsHumectant that attracts water and gives a soft, velvety feel while helping bind moisture at the surface. Honey Bee-derivedNatural humectant that attracts moisture to the surface and gives a conditioned, softened feel. 3. Emollients — Oils, Butters, Esters & Silicones Oil-phase ingredients that soften and smooth skin, fill gaps between surface cells, help reduce surface moisture loss and give products their rich slip. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride Fractionated coconut oilLight, fast-absorbing emollient; conditions the surface, carries oil-soluble ingredients and leaves a silky, non-greasy finish. Squalane (Olive) Stabilized squalene (a natural component of skin's own sebum)Lightweight, skin-compatible emollient; restores softness and a smooth feel and absorbs without heaviness. Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil Avocado oilRich, penetrating oil naturally high in fatty acids and vitamins A, D and E; conditions and softens dry or mature-looking skin. Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil Safflower oilVersatile, linoleic-acid-rich emollient that conditions and softens; light enough for oil-prone skin. Argania Spinosa (Argan) Kernel Oil Argan oilAntioxidant- and fatty-acid-rich oil that softens, smooths and improves the look of dry or aging skin. Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil Sweet almond oilGentle, softening oil for sensitive and dry skin; leaves a smooth, conditioned feel. Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil Grapeseed oilLight, antioxidant-rich emollient that absorbs quickly; helps skin look smooth and suits combination skin. Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil Evening primrose oilFatty-acid-rich oil (high in GLA) that hydrates and helps restore the look and feel of moisture and lipid balance in dry skin. Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter Mango butterEmollient butter that deeply softens and gives lasting moisture and a conditioned feel. Marula / Sea Buckthorn / Jojoba / Babassu Oils Specialty plant oilsAntioxidant- and fatty-acid-rich oils used to nourish, soften and improve the feel of dry and mature-looking skin. Isopropyl Myristate / Ethylhexyl Palmitate / Isononyl Isononanoate Synthetic estersLightweight “dry” emollients that reduce greasiness, improve spreadability and leave a smooth after-feel. Dimethicone / Phenyl Trimethicone SiliconesForm a breathable, smoothing film that helps slow surface moisture loss, blurs the look of texture and gives a soft, silky finish. Petrolatum / Paraffinum Liquidum (Mineral Oil) OcclusivesForm a surface film that strongly reduces moisture loss; used to soften and comfort very dry-looking skin. Cera Alba (Beeswax) BeeswaxEmollient, structuring wax and natural emulsifier; conditions the surface and gives body and stability to balms and creams. 4. Emulsifiers & Emulsion Stabilizers Ingredients that bind oil and water into a stable, uniform cream or lotion and keep the two phases from separating. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Glyceryl Stearate SE / Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate Self-emulsifying stearatePrimary emulsifier that blends oil and water into smooth, stable creams and adds a soft feel. Emulsifying Wax NF Blended emulsifierCreates and stabilizes oil-in-water emulsions and gives lotions and creams their body. Cetearyl Alcohol Fatty alcoholCo-emulsifier and thickener that stabilizes emulsions and imparts a rich, creamy texture. Polysorbate 20 / Polysorbate 80 Sorbitan-based emulsifiersSolubilize oils, fragrances and actives into water-based products; also used to disperse essential oils evenly. PEG-40 / PEG-30 Castor Oil Ethoxylated castor oilSolubilizer that blends oils and fragrance into clear toners, cleansers and gels. Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate Amino-acid emulsifierGentle, skin-friendly emulsifier that produces mild, soft-feel creams. Sorbitan Sesquioleate / Sorbitan Oleate Sorbitan estersWater-in-oil emulsifiers used to stabilize balms and rich creams. 5. Cleansing Surfactants Surface-active agents that let water mix with oil so dirt, makeup and excess sebum can be lifted and rinsed away. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate Anionic surfactantPrimary foaming cleanser that produces lather and removes surface oil and impurities. Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine Amphoteric surfactantMild secondary surfactant that boosts foam and softens the feel of stronger cleansers. Cocamide MIPA / Cocamide MEA Coconut-derivedFoam booster and thickener that improves lather quality and viscosity. Disodium Lauroamphodiacetate / Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate Amphoteric surfactantsGentle cleansing agents suited to sensitive skin and low-irritation formulas. Saponaria (Soapwort) Extract Soapwort / Fuller's HerbA naturally foaming botanical used as a mild, plant-based cleansing agent. Coconut Acid / Palmitic Acid + Sodium/Potassium Hydroxide Soap-forming fatty acidsReact with alkali to form mild soap-based cleansers (as in whipped soufflé cleansers). 6. Fatty Alcohols, Thickeners & Rheology Modifiers Ingredients that build viscosity, suspend particles and give a product its final body — from a pourable lotion to a firm cream or gel. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Cetyl Alcohol / Stearyl Alcohol / Behenyl Alcohol Fatty alcoholsWaxy, crystalline fatty alcohols that thicken and stabilize emulsions while softening skin and giving a smooth, creamy feel. Stearic Acid Fatty acidThickener and co-emulsifier; adds richness and a pearly, creamy consistency. Xanthan Gum / Cellulose Gum / Guar Gum Natural gumsNatural thickeners that stabilize emulsions and suspend particles in gels and creams. Hydroxyethylcellulose Cellulose thickenerProduces clear, smooth gels and adds slip to water-based products. Carbomer / Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer Synthetic polymersHigh-efficiency gelling agents that thicken and stabilize with a light, non-tacky feel. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate / Bentonite Mineral thickener / claySuspends pigments and exfoliants, adds body and stability, and (as bentonite) absorbs surface oil to help refine the look of pores. Ceresin / Paraffin WaxesStructuring waxes that firm up balms, sticks and rich creams. 7. Chemical Exfoliants — AHAs, BHA & Fruit Acids Acids that loosen the bonds between dead surface cells to reveal smoother, brighter-looking skin and improve the look of tone and texture. (Leave-on acids and peels above defined pH / percentage thresholds may fall under drug or professional-use rules — see the compliance note.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Glycolic Acid Alpha hydroxy acid (from sugarcane)Small-molecule AHA that exfoliates surface cells to smooth texture and brighten the look of tone; absorbs quickly. Lactic Acid Alpha hydroxy acid (milk / plant)Gentler AHA with a larger molecule than glycolic acid; loosens surface cells more gradually and hydrates, leaving skin smoother and more flexible-feeling. Salicylic Acid Beta hydroxy acid (BHA); found in wintergreen, sweet birchOil-compatible acid whose micro-exfoliating action helps refine the look of oily, congested skin and improve surface texture. Citric / Malic / Tartaric Acid Fruit acids (AHA)Mild exfoliating acids that also help set formula pH and brighten the look of the complexion. Multi-Fruit Acid Complex (Sugarcane / Bilberry / Orange / Lemon / Sugar Maple / Green Tea) Natural AHA blendA concentrated blend of mixed fruit acids for gentle, gradual exfoliation; the green tea portion helps make it feel less irritating than comparable acid blends. 8. Enzymatic Exfoliants Protein-digesting enzymes that gently break down dead surface cells without abrasion — an alternative to acids and scrubs. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Papain Papaya enzymeProteolytic enzyme that breaks down keratin proteins in dead surface cells for a gentle, non-abrasive exfoliation and a brighter, smoother look. Bromelain Pineapple enzymeProteolytic enzyme that digests dead cells on the surface to refine texture and smooth the look of the skin. Pumpkin / Yeast Ferment Filtrates Ferment enzymesProvide mild enzymatic exfoliation along with antioxidant and conditioning benefits. 9. Physical Exfoliants & Absorbent Clays Solid particles that manually polish the skin, and clays or powders that absorb excess surface oil and help draw out impurities. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Kaolin White clayAbsorbs excess surface oil and gently cleanses; helps refine the look of the skin. A mild clay for most skin types. Diatomaceous Earth / Silica / Perlite Mineral powdersHighly absorbent mineral powders (diatomaceous earth is a pure silica from fossilized algae) that gently polish and set / gel on the skin in masks. Activated Charcoal Powder CarbonBinds and lifts surface impurities and oil; used in clarifying masks and cleansers. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil / Jojoba Beads Biodegradable exfoliating beadsRound, non-scratching beads that polish the surface without micro-tearing the skin. Corn Cob Meal / Almond Meal / Refined Aluminum Oxide Natural & mineral abrasivesFinely milled physical scrub particles that buff away surface build-up and smooth rough-looking texture without harsh scratching. Green Clay / Zeolite Absorbent mineralsPurifying, oil-absorbing minerals that help clarify the look of congested skin and produce a cooling effect in masks. 10. Vitamins & Antioxidants Ingredients that help defend the look of skin against environmental stressors and support a radiant, healthy-looking appearance. (Antioxidant wording is kept to appearance and environmental defense — not “protecting cells” or affecting body functions.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Tocopheryl Acetate / Tocopherol Vitamin EAntioxidant that helps defend the look of skin against environmental stressors, conditions the surface and helps stabilize oils in the formula. Ascorbic Acid / Ascorbyl Palmitate / Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate / Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate Vitamin C (and stable derivatives)Antioxidant that helps brighten and even the look of the complexion and defend against environmental stressors; stabilized forms resist oxidation. Retinyl Palmitate Vitamin A ester (Vitamin A Palmitate)Conditioning vitamin-A ester that helps improve the appearance of skin texture, fine lines and surface dryness. Niacinamide Vitamin B3Versatile ingredient that helps improve the look of an even tone, refined pores and a smooth, balanced-looking surface. Panthenol Provitamin B5Hydrates and conditions; helps skin look and feel soft, smooth and calm. Beta-Carotene / Carrot Root Extract Provitamin A / botanicalAntioxidant that helps condition and defend the look of the skin and adds a natural warm tone. Green Tea / Matcha, Grape Seed, Coffee, Turmeric, Pomegranate Extracts Botanical antioxidants (polyphenols)Polyphenol-rich extracts that help defend the look of skin against environmental stressors and support a clearer, brighter-looking complexion. 11. Skin-Soothing & Conditioning Botanicals Ingredients that help calm the look of redness, comfort the feel of sensitive skin and improve surface softness. (Soothing wording is kept to appearance and feel; clinical or disease terms are avoided.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Allantoin From comfreyHelps calm the look of the skin and leaves it feeling soft, smooth and comfortable. Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Aloe veraHydrating, refreshing gel that helps calm and soften the look and feel of the skin. Symphytum Officinale (Comfrey) Extract ComfreyConditioning botanical that helps improve the look and feel of rough, dry-looking skin. Bisabolol / Guaiazulene Chamomile / azulene-derivedSoothing agents that help calm the look of redness in reactive-looking skin. Chamomilla Recutita (Chamomile) Extract ChamomileGentle botanical that helps soothe and calm the look of sensitive or reddened skin. Calendula Officinalis Extract Calendula (marigold)Soothing, conditioning botanical well suited to the look of delicate, sensitive skin. Phospholipids / Sphingolipids / Glycolipids Skin-identical lipidsSurface lipids that help condition the skin and support the look of a well-moisturized surface barrier. 12. Brightening & Tone-Evening Agents Ingredients that help improve the look of uneven tone, dullness and dark spots for a more radiant, uniform appearance. (Skin-lightening claims are an active FDA enforcement area — wording is kept to the appearance of tone, not altering pigment biology.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Alpha-Arbutin Bearberry-derivedHelps improve the appearance of dark spots and uneven tone for a more even-looking complexion. Kojic Acid Fungal-derivedHelps improve the look of hyperpigmentation and supports a brighter, more even appearance. Licorice (Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate) Extract Licorice rootBotanical that helps even the look of the complexion while soothing the appearance of the skin. Niacinamide Vitamin B3Helps soften the look of discoloration and improve overall clarity and tone. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid & derivatives) Vitamin CAntioxidant that brightens a dull-looking complexion and helps even tone. Chlorophyllin-Copper Complex Chlorophyll derivativeAntioxidant botanical pigment used for its conditioning and clarifying qualities. 13. Peptides & Biotechnology Actives Advanced actives — short chains of amino acids and fermented complexes — used to support a firmer, smoother-looking appearance. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 / Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 / Palmitoyl Oligopeptide Signal peptidesSupport the look of firmness and help smooth the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Hydrolyzed Yeast / Oat Protein, Adenosine Triphosphate Biotech activesCondition the surface and support a revitalized, healthier-looking appearance. Ferment Filtrates (Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Lactococcus) Probiotic fermentsDeliver conditioning, antioxidant and mild exfoliating benefits and support a balanced-looking surface. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) / Sodium Hyaluronate Moisture-binding polysaccharidesHelp bind and hold water at the surface for plumped, hydrated, more flexible-looking skin. 14. Marine & Specialty Actives Structural proteins, marine botanicals and specialty complexes used for hydration and a nourished, conditioned appearance. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Collagen (Marine) Marine collagenLarge moisturizing protein that forms a hydrating film on the surface, giving a smooth, plumped look and feel. Hydrolyzed Elastin Elastin proteinConditioning protein that helps skin feel supple and look smooth. Laminaria Digitata / Algae / Kelp Extract Seaweed / marine algaeMineral- and antioxidant-rich marine extracts that hydrate, condition and soften the look of the skin. Glucosamine HCl Amino sugarSupports the look of smoother, more even skin and complements exfoliating routines. 15. Botanical Extracts Plant-derived extracts that provide antioxidant, soothing, purifying and conditioning benefits and give products their natural character. (Only topical, appearance-based cosmetic roles are described; traditional internal or medicinal uses are outside cosmetic scope and are not claimed.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Panax Ginseng Root Extract GinsengRevitalizing, conditioning botanical that helps refresh the look of tired, dull-looking skin. Trifolium Pratense (Red Clover) Extract Red cloverConditioning botanical with antioxidant properties. Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract Tea treePurifying botanical that helps skin look clearer and more balanced and helps reduce the appearance of excess surface oil. Rosmarinus (Rosemary) / Salvia (Sage) Extract Rosemary & sageToning, refreshing botanicals that help purify and refresh the look of the skin. Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Extract Witch hazelNatural astringent that tones and refreshes and helps minimize the look of pores and excess surface oil. Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Extract CucumberRefreshing, soothing extract that hydrates and helps skin look calm and revived. Rosa Damascena (Rose) Extract RoseSoothing, conditioning botanical with a natural rose character. Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract HopsConditioning, toning botanical with antioxidant character. Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Extract TurmericAntioxidant botanical that helps support a brighter, more even-looking complexion. Lavandula (Lavender) Extract LavenderCalming, aromatic botanical that helps skin look refreshed and balanced. 16. Essential Oils & Aromatics Natural aromatic oils that provide fragrance and a sensory experience, sometimes with a refreshing or toning feel. (See the fragrance-allergen note; aromatic oils are described by scent and sensation, not therapeutic action.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil Lavender oilCalming aromatic oil that adds a relaxing scent and a refreshed feel. Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil / Menthol Peppermint oil / mentholProvide a cooling, refreshing, tingling sensation and an invigorating aroma. Eucalyptus Globulus Oil Eucalyptus oilRefreshing, purifying aromatic oil with a clarifying scent. Patchouli / Ylang Ylang / Geranium / Sandalwood / Rose Oils Aromatic oilsAdd natural fragrance and a spa-like sensory experience to a product. Camphor CamphorProvides a cooling, refreshing sensation with a toning feel on the skin. 17. Mineral & Specialty Actives Minerals and specialty ingredients used for a mattified, refined or refreshed appearance. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Zinc Oxide MineralAs a cosmetic ingredient, gives a soft, matte finish, helps absorb surface oil and leaves skin looking calm. Sulfur MineralAs a cosmetic ingredient, helps purify and clarify the look of oily, congested skin. Sea Salt (Maris Sal) / Sodium Chloride SaltRemineralizing and thickening agent used in body and cleansing products; gives a polished, refreshed feel. Potassium Alum / Zinc Sulfate Astringent mineralsHelp tighten and tone the look of the skin and reduce the feel of excess surface moisture. Microsponges / Silica Microbeads Porous spheresAbsorb surface secretions to reduce the look of oiliness and shine and impart a smooth, silky feel. 18. pH Adjusters & Chelating Agents Ingredients that fine-tune acidity and protect the formula from mineral and microbial degradation, keeping products stable and skin-compatible. INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Sodium Hydroxide / Ammonium Hydroxide Alkali (base)Neutralize acids and adjust pH so the formula is stable and comfortable on skin. Citric Acid Fruit acidAdjusts pH toward the acidic side and helps keep formulas skin-friendly. Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate Amino-acid chelatorBinds trace metals to help prevent discoloration, rancidity and preservative breakdown in the product. Triethyl Citrate Citrate esterHelps buffer pH and can reduce odor in some formulas. 19. Preservatives & Antimicrobials Ingredients that protect the PRODUCT from bacteria, yeast and mold, keeping it safe and stable through its shelf life. (These claims describe protection of the formula, not any effect on the skin.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Phenoxyethanol Broad-spectrum preservativeProtects the product against a wide range of microbes; one of the most common modern preservatives. Ethylhexylglycerin Preservative booster / conditionerEnhances preservative performance in the formula and adds a light skin-conditioning effect. Caprylyl Glycol MultifunctionalSupports the preservative system and provides humectant and skin-conditioning benefits. Chlorphenesin PreservativeBroad-spectrum preservative used to protect emulsions. Benzyl Alcohol Preservative / solventPreservative that also acts as a mild solvent in the formula. Sorbic Acid / Potassium Sorbate Mild preservativeHelps protect the product against yeast and mold, especially at lower pH. Methylparaben / Propylparaben ParabensLong-established preservatives used to keep the product stable and hygienic through its shelf life. 20. Colorants Ingredients added for product color and visual appeal; they have no active skincare function. (In the U.S., color additives must be FDA-approved and listed for their intended use.) INCI NAMEALSO KNOWN AS / SOURCEFUNCTION IN SKIN CARE Iron Oxides (CI 77491 / 77492 / 77499 / 77288) Mineral pigmentsProvide stable earth-tone colors (yellow, red, brown, black); widely used and skin-friendly approved colorants. Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891) Mineral pigmentBright white opacifier and colorant that adds coverage and softens the look of the product. Chlorophyllin-Copper Complex (CI 75810) Plant-derived greenGives a natural green tint; also valued as an antioxidant botanical. Carmine / Caramel / Annatto (CI 75120) Natural colorantsProvide red, brown and orange-yellow shades from natural sources. Guaiazulene Azulene (chamomile)Deep blue pigment used for color and associated with a soothing, calming character. 21. Fragrance Allergen Note Naturally occurring fragrance components that may need separate label declaration. Many essential oils and fragrances naturally contain small amounts of the components below. Some markets (e.g. the EU) require them to be named on the label above set thresholds, and U.S. modernization rules (MoCRA) are increasing fragrance-allergen transparency expectations. They are constituents of the scent — not added for skin benefit — but sensitive individuals may react to them. Commonly listed: Linalool, Limonene, Geraniol, Citral, Citronellol, Eugenol, Hexyl Cinnamal, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Benzoate, Benzyl Salicylate, Farnesol, Isoeugenol.